Using Computers in Environmental Education:
Interactive Multimedia and On-Line Learning

Section III -- On-Line Learning
Training Techniques and Workshop Activities

Training Techniques and Workshop Activities
Preparation
Conducting the Workshop
Workshop Activities
The Language and Tools of Telecommunication
Computers Can Talk
Simulate E-mail with Paper
Down the Gopher Hole
Getting Started
Careful Emotional Protocol
Network Nuances

Training Techniques

It is difficult, if not impossible, to learn about computer networking from a book or lecture. The best teacher is experience.

The ideal setting for intensive computer network training is a computer lab with no more than two learners per computer, and where each computer has access via modem or direct connection to computer networks. While you're at it, make sure there's no greater than a 10:1 ratio of workshop participants to experienced instructors. And allow at least eight hours in this lab setting for adequate training of beginners.

Unless you are lucky enough to be near a university or other large institution, a training lab is the stuff of fantasy. Experienced trainers are even hard to find, since the technology has arisen so rapidly and is in great demand. And of course, don't we all wish we could have lower teacher-student ratios and all the time in the world for learning?

For groups that continue to work together following a face-to-face training, on-line exercises, group co-tutoring, and "refresher summaries" circulated via electronic mail or on-line conferences can build expertise and confidence.

For those who have to make do with minimal equipment and time, here are some suggestions for how to make the best of your opportunities for computer network training.

Preparation

* Even a single computer with a modem can be a good training device, if the screen display can be made large enough for all workshop participants to see. Liquid-crystal display (LCD) panels allow you to project a computer image onto a screen via a standard overhead projector. These devices are expensive, but worth the investment if budget and ultimate long term use allows. A less expensive option is connecting one or more standard television monitors to the computer. Some computers (such as Apple II, Atari,Commodore, and some new multi-media workstations) provide for video output using standard RCA-plug cables (like those used to connect stereo components together). Computers that do not provide direct connections to TV monitors (such as most Macintosh, MS-DOS, and Windows computers) require either an internal video card or an external coder box (scan converter).

* Set up your equipment for training well in advance. You'll need plenty of time to address technical compatibility (or incompatibility) issues, get access to a phone line for telecommunicating, hook up extension cords, and so on. It almost always is more time-consuming and complicated than you expect, and something often goes wrong, so plan ahead.

* Arrange the training so that the learners can see the computer monitor or projection screen, and so that the trainer looks at the class. It may be helpful to enlist one or more of your teachers to operate the computer keyboard following the trainer's directions.

* Consider pairing or grouping more experienced and energetic workshop participants with those who are new to or pensive about computer technology.

Conducting the Workshop

* Briefly state the goals of the training, and list the skills that the teachers are expected to learn. Provide a checklist for them to monitor their own progress at meeting specific objectives. A sample "I Can Telecommunicate" checklist is provided in the "Handouts" section.

* Dive right in to demonstrating on-line resources, such as computer conferencing, Gopher, and how to get help on-line. Ask teachers what their interests are, then find on-line resources that match those interests. Strive to show the variety, both in form and content, of on-line resources.

* Take short breaks from the on-line demonstration periodically to tell brief stories or anecdotes collected from the network, or to ask participants questions to gauge their understanding of key concepts and how they envision applying computer networking in their own teaching.

* Once "what it can do" has been demonstrated, back up and show how you got there, stepping backwards from a particular on-line resource to the on-line service's main menu or screen. At each step, show and describe the different options that appear in on-line menus or icons.

* Start all over again, this time explaining each step in detail:

* Save demonstration of electronic mail for last. Once you learn other options like computer conferencing, information retrieval using Gopher, and other tools, e-mail is easy. Learning e-mail first, on the other hand, tends to fill up learners' brains to the exclusion of other modes of on-line networking.

Present achievable on-line tasks for participants to perform during the training and/or during follow-up sessions (on-line or in person). Consider making these team efforts, and organizing teams to collaboratively develop a product, or to competitively find answers or solutions to a set of questions or problems. Some trainers have developed an "electronic scavenger hunt" where teams search for specific on-line resources or perform assigned tasks such as posting a conference reply or sending e-mail to the instructor. Tasks might include something like the following:

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Workshop Activities

The Language and Tools of Telecommunication

Modem, baud rate, upload, telnet, Gopher, system this and system that: The language of telecommunication, while a subset of English, is bewildering.

One way around the language barrier is to treat every computer network workshop as a foreign language lesson. Identify the vocabulary that will be used before the training session begins, and make sure it's OK for anyone to question the meaning of any technical term.

In most audiences or classrooms in the United States, nearly everyone will be able to offer a few words in computerspeak, along with the meanings that ascribe to them. As an ice-breaking exercise, ask for examples of computer terms that could be replaced by simpler, plain-English words. The glossary section can help to overcome translation problems.

Computers Can Talk

You can demonstrate to teachers (and they can demonstrate to students) that computers "talk" over phone lines much like people, by increasing the volume of the modem and using the computer to dial the Time and Temperature Recording or your home answering machine.

Simulate E-mail with Paper

Demonstrate the process of e-mail transmission. Assign one person to be the "node." Then distribute scraps of paper to other participants. They can send these as messages, labeling them with the recipient's name, signing their own name, and giving them to the node.

The node distributes messages to recipients. Divide the group into three different networks each with a node. E-mail within a network can be sent to the original first name address.

E-mail between networks will require a complete address: "name@network." Message route will now go from sender to local node to receiver's node to receiver.

Down the Gopher Hole

Use the instructions on pages 34-35 to demonstrate a Gopher for environmental educators. Alternatively, Gopher to "nceet.snre.umich.edu" and find the tutorial/demonstration. Download this file and adapt it for your participants.

Getting Started

The "I Can Telecommunicate" checklist on page 49 will give new users some concrete, easy tasks and a quick route to early success. You can use this handout to guide participants during independent work time, freeing yourself to answer questions.

Careful Emotional Protocol

Read the following sentence several times with emotional emphasis on different words:

"Thank you for your critical feedback. I'm certain the outcome will be much improved."

Remind participants that verbal conversation includes many visual and intonational cues to improve communication that are notably lacking in e-mail communication. People typically use several tactics to prevent problems, which your workshop participants can practice: rewording inflammatory sentences to be "e-mail-appropriate" and using symbols (called "smileys") to indicate humor : - ) or surprise : - o .

Ask participants to discuss potential problems and ways they might resolve them.

Network Nuances

Using the handout "Ways to Use Computer Networks" on page 48 to lead discussions with the following questions:

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